Investigation of short-term variations in term breast milk composition during repeated breast expression sessions
Publication Details
Khan, S.,
Prime, D. K.,
Hepworth, A. R.,
Lai, C. T.,
Trengove, N. J.,
&
Hartmann, P. E.
(2013).
Investigation of short-term variations in term breast milk composition during repeated breast expression sessions.
Journal of Human Lactation, 29 (2), 196-204.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334412470213
Abstract
Background: Breast milk composition can be affected by several factors, and it can exhibit short-term (weekly) variations. Investigating variations in breast milk composition is important to accurately estimate nutrient requirements of the infant.
Objective: To investigate short-term changes in breast milk composition between left and right breasts, over a 3-week period within the first 6 months of lactation.
Methods: The left and right breasts of the mothers of healthy, term infants (n = 23) were simultaneously expressed with an electric breast pump for 15 minutes, on 3 occasions within 3 weeks. Milk samples (5 mL) were collected from the total expression volume of each breast at each session. The macronutrient contents, total solids, and energy content were determined using a mid-infrared human milk analyzer. Mothers (n = 17) measured their 24-hour milk production, and the average 24-hour fat contents were also determined.
Results: Over the 3 weekly sessions, no significant changes were found in macronutrient contents. On average, total solids (P = .04) and energy (P = .04) decreased by week 3 of follow-up sessions from 14 to 13 g/100 mL and from 82 to 76 Kcal/100 mL, respectively; however, these changes became insignificant when expression volume was taken into account. The macronutrient concentration was similar for the left and right breasts; however, milk composition varied markedly between mothers. Furthermore, average 24-hour fat content was significantly lower than the mean fat content from a single expression session (P < .01).
Conclusion: Our findings highlight that when determining the nutritional adequacy of a mother’s milk, assuming an average concentration requires caution. The study findings illustrate the importance of using average 24-hour fat content of milk to obtain representative measures of infant energy intake.
Keywords
breastfeeding, energy, fat, human milk, lactose, macronutrient, protein
