Date of Award

2023

Degree Name

Bachelor of Science (Marine Science) (Honours)

Schools and Centres

Arts & Sciences

First Supervisor

Annabeth Kemp

Second Supervisor

Grey Coupland

Third Supervisor

Linda Davies

Fourth Supervisor

Sandy Griffin

Abstract

Biodiversity offsets, also called “environmental offsets”, are actions used to compensate for the loss of biodiversity and social values associated with development projects. They are commonly used by governments to contribute to ecologically sustainable development (ESD); however, offsets have been criticised for inappropriate use, poor implementation, and inadequate monitoring, reporting and enforcement. Regardless, use of offsets is likely to increase due to regulatory convenience in easing community discomfort with development impacts. This thesis investigated how biodiversity offsets in Australia can be enhanced to align with ESD principles. Analyses of peer-reviewed journal articles, published reports, media articles and legislative instruments for biodiversity offsets across Australian jurisdictions was used to determine requirements, similarities, equity, effectiveness and transparency in application. These analyses were then used to develop a model for biodiversity offsets that balances the three key aspects of ESD (environmental, social, economic).

A comparison of policy and legislation in Australian jurisdictions found inconsistency and gaps in equity, transparency, measurability and effectiveness. Furthermore, Australian Commonwealth offset requirements were not improved (mature) after implementation of a biodiversity offset policy in October 2012. These learnings and further review were used to identify that cost and risk considerations, and use of strategic planning frameworks, bonds and advanced offsets, were key to improving offset use for ESD. Inclusion of conservation trust funds to deliver biodiversity offsets aligned with ESD principles, made the offsets model developed in this thesis suitable in areas with a paucity of available land. Finally, assignment of responsibilities, coupled with interchangeability of roles and a focus on collaboration, was found to be important for ensuring offsets are efficient, ethical, robust and strategic. While this research has been developed in an Australian context, the findings have broader applicability globally, with the ability to address nature positive requirements and international commitments to protect biodiversity and minimise climate change.

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Biodiversity Commons

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